Observe different types of keyboard and mouse and observe the internal circuits.

Keyboard

Wired Keyboard
Keyboards are an indispensable accessory for a computer. One of the most basic input devices, computer keyboards are used in navigation, execution of processes, programming and several other purposes. Several software based application directly derive their existence from a keyboard. For instance, social networking websites, programming languages, navigation over the computer menus etc. utilize a computer keyboard. Even this very article wouldn’t have been possible without a keyboard.

PC/XT

Observe the different types of motherboards, form factors.

Motherboard:

A motherboard is the heart of a computer. It is the main printed circuit board present in the computers which holds the main electronic components of the system like the central processing unit and memory and also provides the connectors for other important peripherals. A motherboard is a large system in itself which contains a number of subsystems like the processor and other components. The basic function for which a motherboard is used in a computer is that it holds the important electronic components of the system including the memory and central processing unit and helps in establishing some sort of bridged connection between other internal components of the system.

Adafruit's Raspberry Pi Lesson

Lesson 1. Preparing an SD Card for your Raspberry Pi
Lesson 2. First Time Configuration
Lesson 3. RGB LEDs
Lesson 4. GPIO Setup
Lesson 5. The Serial Monitor
Lesson 6. Using SSH
Lesson 7. Remote Control with VNC
Lesson 8. Analog Inputs
Lesson 9. Controlling a DC Motor
Lesson 10. Making Sounds
Lesson 11. DS18B20 Temperature Sensing
Lesson 12. LCD Displays - Part 2
Lesson 13. DC Motors
Lesson 14. Servo Motors

Observe the BIOS setting and identify the steps of Booting process

1. Turn on the computer.

2. Look at what the screen says in the 1st few seconds (before Windows/Linux starts loading). The computer runs some basic tests before it loads windows etc. During this process, at the bottom of the screen there should be a row of text saying to press a particular button to "run Setup" or "enter BIOS", normally the Delete button, but often F1, F2 or a combination of buttons. Press the required button(s).

3. If you're too late, windows will already be starting. Don't worry, just wait for it to load, then tell it to restart. Fast computers can give you as little as 2 seconds to press the required button(s), so be ready next time.

4. If you press in time, the BIOS screen opens (normally on a blue background).This is also called the CMOS setup program, as it saves all settings to a piece of memory known as the CMOS.

5. Don't change anything unless you know what it does. Incorrect settings can stop your computer booting properly. Read the article on clearing CMOS, so that if anything goes wrong you can recover.

6. Use the arrow keys. Use the arrow keys to highlight an option and Enter to select.

7. To change a setting, you normally use the 'page up' and 'page down' keys, but some systems require '-' and '+' or to press enter and select from a list.Often the screen has some notes saying what buttons to press, so read thoroughly.

8. Usually the ESC key returns to the previous menu, but again, check what the screen tells you 1st.

9. Once you have finished with the BIOS, press F10 to save the settings (or select "save and exit") and reboot your computer.

Observe the procedure for installing windows 7

1. Enter your computer's BIOS. Turn off the computer that you want to install Windows on then turn it back on. When the BIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so, press ⌦ Del, ⎋ Esc, F2, F10, or F9 (depending on your computer’s motherboard) to enter the system BIOS. The key to enter the BIOS is usually shown on the screen.

2. Find your BIOS's boot options menu. The boot options menu of your BIOS may vary in location or name from the illustration, but you may eventually find it if you search around.

• If you can't find the boot options menu, search the name of your BIOS (most likely located in the BIOS menu) online for help.

3. Select the CD-ROM drive as the first boot device of your computer.

• Although this method may vary among computers, the boot options menu is typically a menu of movable device names where you should set your CD-ROM drive as the first boot device. It can also be a list of devices that you can set the order of their boot on. Consult a manual or the internet for help if you're stuck.

4. Save the changes of the settings. Press the button indicated on the screen or select the save option from the BIOS menu to save your configuration.

5. Shut off your computer. Either turn off the computer by choosing the shut-down option in your current operating system, or hold the power button until the computer powers off.

6. Insert the Windows 7 disc into your disc drive.

7.Start your computer from the disc. After you have placed the disc into the disc drive, start your computer. When the computer starts, press a key if you are asked if you would like to boot from the disc by pressing any key. After you choose to start from the disc, Windows Setup will begin loading.

• If you are not asked to boot from the disc, you may have done something wrong. Retry the previous steps to solve the problem.

8. Choose your Windows Setup options. Once Windows Setup loads, you'll be presented with a window. Select your preferred language, keyboard type, and time/currency format, then click Next.

9. Click the Install Now button.

10. Accept the License Terms. Read over the Microsoft Software License Terms, check I accept the license terms, and click Next.

11.Select the Custom installation.

12. Decide on which hard drive and partition you want to install Windows on.A hard drive is a physical part of your computer that stores data, and partitions "divide" hard drives into separate parts.

• If the hard drive has data on it, delete the data off of it, or format it.
  • Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
  • Click Drive options (advanced).
  • Click Format from Drive options.
• If your computer doesn't have any partitions yet, create one to install Windows on it.
• Select the hard drive from the list of hard drives.
• Click Drive options (advanced).
• Select New from Drive options.
• Select the size, and click OK.

13. Install Windows on your preferred hard drive and partition. Once you've decided on where to install Windows, select it and click Next. Windows will begin installing.

Different types of printer with their function and working principle.

A printer is an electro-mechanical device which converts the text and graphical documents from electronic form to the physical form. Generally they are the external peripheral devices which are connected with the computers or laptops through a cable or wire lessly to receive input data and print them on the papers. A wide range of printers are available with a variety of features ranging from printing black and white text documents to high quality colored graphic images

Quality of printers is identified by its features like color quality, speed of printing, resolution etc. Modern printers come with multipurpose functions i.e. they are combination of printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc. To serve different needs there are variety of printers available that works on different types of technologies.

Various techniques of low level format and high level format

Format is also an MS-DOS command that prepares a blank diskette or hard drive to hold data. To prepare a storage medium, usually a disk, for reading and writing. When you format a disk, the operating system erases all bookkeeping information on the disk, tests the disk to make sure all sectors are reliable, marks bad sectors (that is, those that are scratched), and creates internal address tables that it later uses to locate information. You must format a disk before you can use it.

Note that reformatting a disk does not erase the data on the disk, only the address tables. Do not panic, therefore, if you accidentally reformat a disk that has useful data. A computer specialist should be able to recover most, if not all, of the information on the disk. You can also buy programs that enable you to recover a disk yourself.

Observe various secondary storage systems- Hard Disk, Flash drives, CD/ DVD drive.

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk or hard drive, is something used by computers to store information. Hard disks use magnetic recording (similar to the way recording is done on magnetic tapes) to store information on rotating circular platters. The capacity of a hard drive is usually measured in gigabytes (GB), however hard disc capacity can also be measured in terabytes when the capacity is over 1000 gigabytes. A gigabyte is one thousand megabytes and a megabyte is one million bytes, which means that a gigabyte is one billion bytes. Some hard drives are so large that their capacity is measured in terabytes, (TB) where one terabyte is a thousand gigabytes (1 TB = 1000 GB). Very early Consumer Grade hard drives were measured in megabytes.

Observe the power supply (SMPS) and measure their voltage levels of a given SMPS.

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation

Observe the various components on the motherboard, identify it

The motherboard represents the logical foundation of the computer. In other words, everything that makes a computer a computer must be attached to the motherboard. From the CPU to storage devices, from RAM to printer ports, the motherboard provides the connections that help them work together.

The motherboard is essential to computer operation in large part because of the two major buses it contains: the system bus and the I/O bus. Together, these buses carry all the information between the different parts of the computer.

Study the Steps to assemble the computer

 AIM: - Re-assembling of the Computer System.
 OBJECTIVE: -                             1. Check System Peripherals.                            2. Know the steps to assemble.                             3. Know Inter-connection of devices.

 APPARTUS:-                            1. Anti-static wrist strap                            2. Set of screwdrivers and pliers                            3. Piece of cloth       4. CPU Thermal compound

Identify common ports, associated cables, and their connectors.

A port:

• is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer.
• can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to computer or over the internet.

Characteristics

A port has the following characteristics:

• External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.
  

Identify basic components of a personal computer

A peripheral is any computer device that is not part of the essential computer but is relatively close by. Peripherals are often called input/ output (I/O) devices. Some peripherals are in the same case as the main part of the computer, such as the hard drive or CD-ROM drive. Other peripherals, such as the printer, monitor, or scanner, are outside the computer case and are attached by a wired or wireless connection.

Extracting & Saving of frames from a Video file through Matlab

clc;
close all;
clear all;

% assigning the name of sample avi file to a variable
filename = 'rhinos.avi';

Convert images in different format using MATLAB

Convert grayscale or binary image to indexed image

Code:

I = imread('cameraman.tif');
[X, map] = gray2ind(I, 16);
imshow(X, map);

Convert indexed image to grayscale image

Installing Active Directory and creating AD objects on Windows Server 2008

Select Domain Name and Password

Select your domain name and know the domain administrator password that you want to use.
Note: Your domain name should be reliably unique.  Do not use the same domain as your website, for example, and avoid extensions like “.local” unless you have registered that domain name in DNS.  We suggest a domain name that is not used for anything else, like "internal.example.com"..

Modify / delete / deactivate Users and Groups

Group Policy Preferences is the new type of Group Policy Object setting that is available if you have a Windows Sever 2008 server or Windows Vista SP1 computer. In order not to bog you down with the details of Group Policy 

To administer Group Policy Preferences you need to have a Windows Server 2008 server OR a Windows Vista desktop, which is running SP1 and has the RSAT installed. Both of these environments have the new Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) installed on them which is required to administer Group Policy Preferences.  

Create new Users & assign permission.

First you have to login to your server with administrator password. go to the active directory window in server manage.
Once we’re inside the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in, we’ll need to expand the domain in which we want to create the user, and right-click on the Users folder. We’ll then select  New User.

Convert Image from RGB to Gray scale using MATLAB

1. First the image, which you wont to process put it into current directory folder or you can change current directory folder.

2. now you can proceed to coding for image processing.

How do I install Ubuntu Server (step-by-step)

Once done, put the disc in your drive, or insert the USB flash, and reboot your machine. Make sure that you set your BIOS to boot either from the CD/DVD or USB flash depending on which installation method you choose.

Once booted, just follow the steps shown in the images below.